Elizabeth Fondal Neufeld
(1928 ) American Molecular Biologist.
Researchers speculated that Hurler and Sanfilippo syndromes were caused by an overload of sugars in nerve cells, more sugars that the cells could metabolize, thus causing them to go into a kind of shock and eventually die. These syndromes mainly affected prepubescent children and caused mental deterioration, loss of motor skills, and vision and hearing problems. Most children afflicted with this syndrome died, usually before the onset of puberty. Neufeld and her colleague, Joseph Fratantoni confirmed that the damage to the nerve cells was the result of too much sugar. They further found that the cause of this sugar overload was the deficiency or non-functional enzymes (alpha L-iduroidase (IDUA) ) that would normally consume the excess. They isolated a particular defective gene that caused this condition. Aided by this information, other researchers developed tests for the prenatal diagnosis of this condition.[1]
(1928 ) American Molecular Biologist.
Researchers speculated that Hurler and Sanfilippo syndromes were caused by an overload of sugars in nerve cells, more sugars that the cells could metabolize, thus causing them to go into a kind of shock and eventually die. These syndromes mainly affected prepubescent children and caused mental deterioration, loss of motor skills, and vision and hearing problems. Most children afflicted with this syndrome died, usually before the onset of puberty. Neufeld and her colleague, Joseph Fratantoni confirmed that the damage to the nerve cells was the result of too much sugar. They further found that the cause of this sugar overload was the deficiency or non-functional enzymes (alpha L-iduroidase (IDUA) ) that would normally consume the excess. They isolated a particular defective gene that caused this condition. Aided by this information, other researchers developed tests for the prenatal diagnosis of this condition.[1]
Disease that damage the Nervous System
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Guillain–Barré syndrome is a rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system. The initial symptoms are typically changes in sensation or pain along with muscle weakness, beginning in the feet and hands. This often spreads to the arms and upper body, with both sides being involved. Cause= Zika virus (ZIKV), through donated blood, mosquitoes (Aedes sp.), sexually transmitted, and transfusion-transmission has been reported. |
Reducing Threats to the Blood Supply from West Nile Virus, Dengue Virus, and Chikungunya Virus Through Development of Detection Tools and Studies of Genetic Evolution and Pathogenesis .
Principal Investigator: Maria Rios, PhD., Office / Division / Lab: OBRR / DETTD / LEP https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/biologics-research-projects/reducing-threats-blood-supply-west-nile-virus-dengue-virus-and-chikungunya-virus-through-development |
SEMINARS IN HEARING—VOLUME 14, NUMBER 2 May 1993 CRANIAL NERVE MONITORING BEYOND THE FACIAL AND AUDITORY NERVES Aukse E. Bankaitis, M.A., and Robert W. Keith, Ph.D.
https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0028-1085113.pdf |
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Ganglion
CNIII - Ciliary Ganglion Ciliary muscles and pupillary constrictor muscles of the iris CN VII - Pterygopalatine Ganglion Lacrimal glands & small glands of the nasal cavity, oral cavity, & palate CN VII - Submandibular Ganglion Submandibular & sublingual glands CN IX Otic Ganglion Parotid gland |
CN I - Olfactory
Passageway: cribiform plates Modality: special sensory -- olfactory CN II - Optic Passageway: optic canal Modality: special sensory -- visual sensory info CN III - Oculomotor Passageway: superior orbital fissure Modality: somatic motor -- 4 out of 6 extrinsic eye muscles visceral motor -- pupillae sphincter and ciliary muscles CN IX - Trochlear Passageway: superior orbital fissure Modality: somatic motor -- superior oblique muscles Cranial Nerve Ganglion - Parasympathetic CN V - Trigeminal Passageway: superior orbital fissure Modality: special motor -- muscles of mastication somatic sensory -- pain, temp, & touch of face |
CN VI - Abducens
Passageway: superior orbital fissure Modality: somatic motor -- lateral rectus muscles CN VII - Facial Passageway: internal acoustic meatus Modality: somatic sensory -- little area behind the ear visceral sensory -- submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands visceral motor -- above glands special sensory -- taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue special motor -- muscles of facial expression CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear Passageway: internal acoustic meatus Modality: special sensory -- vestibular (equilibrium & balance) -- cochlear (hearing) CN IX Glossopharyngeal Modality: somatic sensory -- pharynx visceral motor -- parotid gland visceral sensory -- carotid bodies & parotid gland special motor -- stylopharyngeus special sensory -- taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue |
CN X - Vagus
Modality: somatic sensory -- external acoustic meatus, eardrum, larynx, laryngopharynx visceral motor -- heart, lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, abdominal organs (through 1st 2/3 transverse colon) visceral sensory -- heart, lungs, abdominal organs (through 1st 2/3 transverse colon special sensory -- taste from base of the tongue, epiglottis, upper pharynx special motor -- pharynx, larynx, palate muscles CN XI - Accessory Modality: special motor -- SCM & traps CN XII - Hypoglossal Passageway: hypoglossal canal Modality: somatic motor -- intrinsic & extrinsic muscles of the tongueCNIII - Ciliary Ganglion Ciliary muscles and pupillary constrictor muscles of the iris |
Central Nervous System Vasculitis (CNS Vasculitis)
CNS Vasculitis refers to inflammation of the arteries supplying the brain. The wall of the artery is made up of many different components, such as connective tissue, smooth muscle, skin-like tissue called endothelium, and many others. Sometimes, part of the artery wall becomes inflamed, which can lead to swelling of the wall. This expansion or swelling of the artery wall can secondarily narrow the lumen of the artery, through which blood flows into the brain. If the narrowing is severe enough, there may not be enough blood flow to the brain and the patient may start to experience symptoms of stroke. Finally, the artery can close altogether. There are many different kinds of vasculidites (inflammations of vessels). Most cases of CNS vasculitis occur as a part of autoimmune or inflammatory disorders, such as: |
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- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Dermatomyositis - Rheumatoid Arthritis - Wegener's Granulomatosis, - Behçet's disease |
- as part of bacterial/viral infection, and affect even smaller vessels.
- Primary Angiitis of the CNS (PACNS), a condition of isolated CNS vascular inflammation in absence of systemic disease. |
Symptoms include:
1. severe headache, long-lasting 2. strokes (transient ischemic attacks) 3. forgetfulness/confusion |
4. weakness
5. vision problems 6. seizures 7. encephalopathy 8. sensation abnormalities |
Giant Cell Arteritis
You know the patient who comes in with cranial pain, scalp tenderness, has some polymyalgia type of symptoms or an octogenarian who's lost 18 pounds and has an anemia of eight point seven grams and a sed rate of sixty, has had colonoscopies ... think Vasculitis What labs should be included in the work up of stroke/concerns for cPACNS?
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crin/2014/868590/ R. L. Yung and B. C. Richardson, “Drug-induced lupus,” Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 61–86, 1994.View at: Google Scholar |
What is considered in the differential diagnosis of large vessel cPACNS?
arterial dissection, moyamoya (blockage of carotid artery to brain) postradiation vasculopathy, congential What is considered in the differential diagnosis of small vessel cPACNS? demyelinating diseases (ADEM & MS), anti-NMDA, toxins, inborn errors of metabolism, PRES, sarcoidosis, malignancy What other systemic vasculitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of CNS vasculitis? GPA, MPA, PAN, Lupus, Behcet's, JDM, neurosarcoidosis What labs should be included in the work up of stroke/concerns for cPACNS? CBC, CRP, ESR, prothrombotic markers (protein C, protein S, antiphospholipid antibodies, antithrombin 3, factor v leiden), autoantibodies (ANA, ENA, anti-dsDNA, ANCA, ACE) infectious (Lyme, syphilis, HIV, VZV), CSF studies (cell counts, culture, oligoclonal bands, protein, glucose, IgG, cultures) |
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura rash
https://www.sciencesource.com/archive/Henoch-Schonlein-purpura-rash-SS2761588.html Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD; also known as Sharp’s syndrome) https://www.dovepress.com/mixed-connective-tissue-disease-complicated-by-heart-failure-in-ile-if-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IMCRJ |
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Balancing the autonomic nervous system to reduce inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis
Koopman FAet al., J Intern Med. 2017 Jul;282(1):64-75. doi: 10.1111/joim.12626. Epub 2017 May 26.
We have found that stimulation of the so-called cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway by efferent electrical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) or pharmacological activation of the alpha7 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) improves clinical signs and symptoms of arthritis, reduces cytokine production and protects against progressive joint destruction. Conversely, increased arthritis activity was observed in alpha7nAChR knockout mice. These studies together with previous work in animal models of sepsis and other forms of inflammation provided the rationale for an experimental clinical trial in patients with RA. We could for the first time show that an implantable vagus nerve stimulator inhibits peripheral blood cytokine production in humans. VNS significantly inhibited TNF and IL-6 production and improved RA disease severity, even in some patients with therapy-resistant disease.
Koopman FAet al., J Intern Med. 2017 Jul;282(1):64-75. doi: 10.1111/joim.12626. Epub 2017 May 26.
We have found that stimulation of the so-called cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway by efferent electrical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) or pharmacological activation of the alpha7 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) improves clinical signs and symptoms of arthritis, reduces cytokine production and protects against progressive joint destruction. Conversely, increased arthritis activity was observed in alpha7nAChR knockout mice. These studies together with previous work in animal models of sepsis and other forms of inflammation provided the rationale for an experimental clinical trial in patients with RA. We could for the first time show that an implantable vagus nerve stimulator inhibits peripheral blood cytokine production in humans. VNS significantly inhibited TNF and IL-6 production and improved RA disease severity, even in some patients with therapy-resistant disease.
Imbalance in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has been observed in many established chronic autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Research has discovered that autonomic dysfunction precedes and predicts arthritis development in subjects at risk of developing seropositive RA. (1)
John Chitty, RPP, BCST, discusses the foundations and basic principles of his therapeutic approach as a guest lecturer for Diane Poole Heller's Attachment Mastery program. This is the second part of a 3-part series in which John discusses material from his recent book, "Dancing with Yin and Yang" as well as Stephen Porges' Polyvagal Theory and how both can be applied in the context of psychotherapy and counseling.
Data presented are consistent with a pathogenic role of the autonomic nervous system in the development of RA. Could these findings help to develop preventive strategies? It is tempting to speculate that decreasing RHR by for instance exercise or meditation (Janse van Rensburg et al., 2012, Nesvold et al., 2012, Routledge et al., 2010) could reduce the risk of transition of preclinical RA to clinically manifest RA. Alternatively, a bioelectronics approach aimed at stimulation of the vagus nerve might be explored as a preventive intervention in subjects at high risk of developing RA (Koopman et al., 2014). Clearly, the possible value of such interventions needs to be demonstrated in future studies. (2)
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Three cranial nerves carry signals from the brain to control the extraocular muscles.
These are the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and the abducens nerve. Read More: www.stepwards.com/?page_id=696
These are the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, and the abducens nerve. Read More: www.stepwards.com/?page_id=696
Oculomotor nerve3rd cranial nerve: oculomotor nerve, which controls the majority of the muscles. Trauma results in the eye moving outward, away from the nose.
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Trochlear nerve
4th cranial nerve: the trochlear nerve, which controls the superior oblique muscle. Trauma results in the eye popping upward.
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Abducens nerve
6th cranial nerve: the abducens nerve, which controls the lateral rectus muscle. The eye will turn inward toward the nose.
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Nerves can become damaged in several ways.
Nerves can be damaged due to many factors, including disease, diabetes, a bad reaction to a prescription drug, exposure to toxins, compression, and even due to repetitive motion. Many people suffer nerve damage due to a physical injury caused by events such as car accidents, botched medical procedures, sports injuries, slip and falls, or even the birth of a child. Nerve damage caused by compression/pressure can often be alleviated (such as in the case of a pinched nerve or a tumor pressing up against a nerve fiber). However, when a nerve is severed, there’s usually not a lot that can be done to regain sensitivity. While progress has been made, treatment options for those with permanent nerve damage are often limited to pain relief, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and physical therapy to reduce the symptoms. |
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Mapping Spinal Damage
Signs of Peripheral Nervous System Involvement:
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Peripheral Nerve Involvement In Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
B. Lanzillo, N. Pappone, C. Crisci, C. Di Girolamo, R. Massini, And G. Caruso. (ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM. 1998, American College of Rheumdtology Vol. 41, NO. 7, July 1998, pp 1196-1202)
Clinical involvement of the peripheral nervous system is uncommon in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence of electrophysiologically evident peripheral nerve involvement along the median and tibial nerves in RA patients without a clinical history of peripheral nerve involvement. Forty RA patients were examined neurologically and electrophysiologically, and sural nerve biopsies were performed in 4.
Results: Of the 40 patients:
B. Lanzillo, N. Pappone, C. Crisci, C. Di Girolamo, R. Massini, And G. Caruso. (ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM. 1998, American College of Rheumdtology Vol. 41, NO. 7, July 1998, pp 1196-1202)
Clinical involvement of the peripheral nervous system is uncommon in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence of electrophysiologically evident peripheral nerve involvement along the median and tibial nerves in RA patients without a clinical history of peripheral nerve involvement. Forty RA patients were examined neurologically and electrophysiologically, and sural nerve biopsies were performed in 4.
Results: Of the 40 patients:
- Twenty-six patients (65%) exhibited electrophysiologic findings consistent with a sensorimotor neuropathy (in 2 of them a carpal tunnel syndrome was also present), while 3 patients showed isolated carpal tunnel syndrome.
- There was a moderate loss of myelinated fibers in 3 of the 4 nerve biopsy samples, and degeneration profiles. Fibers with an irregular myelin sheath (Figure 3), and an increased number of endo- and perineurial vessels were observed in all nerve biopsy samples. In addition, some vessels had a thickened wall. The perineurium appeared irregularly thickened, as was the subepineurial space.
Conclusion: Patients with RA may have electro- physiologic and histologic findings of peripheral nerve damage, even in the absence of clinical evidence of peripheral nerve involvement.
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The cure for Arthritis - only available Amsterdam
Hidden under the skin a revolutionary implant switched on by a wave of a magnet which then fires electronic signals. This devise changes the way her immune system works and is effectively cured her rheumatoid arthritis. The vagus nerve carries subconscious messages between the brain and the body's major organs. The implant rests against the nerve in the neck firing electrical impulses once a day for just three minutes that's enough to dial down the activity of the spleen which regulates the immune system within days the organ produces fewer chemicals and immune cells that cause the inflammation in the joints of people with arthritis. Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xjjirehKP8 |
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Stimulating the vagus nerve in the neck might help ease pain associated with PTSD. ... Lerman especially wants to know how the emotional pain experience may be influenced by the vagus nerve, which runs down both sides of our necks from the brainstem to the abdomen.Feb 13, 2019
Stimulating the vagus nerve in the neck might help ease pain associated with PTSD by University of California - San Diego |
Post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, is a mental condition caused by a traumatic event. People with PTSD may experience intrusive memories, negative thoughts, anxiety and chronic pain. The condition is typically treated with a combination of psychotherapy, anti-depressants and anti-anxiety medications.
In a study published February 13, 2019 in PLOS ONE, Lerman and colleagues tested noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation as a method for dampening the sensation of pain. Your autonomic and sympathetic nervous systems—process pain and not all people proceesesed pain the same way which is why may be more susceptible to PTSD
In a study published February 13, 2019 in PLOS ONE, Lerman and colleagues tested noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation as a method for dampening the sensation of pain. Your autonomic and sympathetic nervous systems—process pain and not all people proceesesed pain the same way which is why may be more susceptible to PTSD
Lerman and colleagues report three main findings from this study.
1. vagus nerve stimulation blunted peak response to heat stimulus in several areas of the brain known to be important for sensory and discriminative pain processing, as well as in emotional pain centers. The treatment also delayed the pain response in these brain regions. 2. vagus nerve stimulation altered autonomic responses to painful heat stimulus. 3. vagus nerve stimulation dampened the usual brainstem centers critical for the fight-or-flight-type responses, which are also known to control the sweat response to pain. "Not everyone is the same—some people may need more vagus nerve stimulation than others to achieve the same outcomes and the necessary frequencies might change over time. Read More: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2019-02-vagus-nerve-neck-ease-pain.html |
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Study: journals.plos.org/plosone/article/comments?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0201212
Source: Implanted Vagus Nerve Stimulator https://www.jove.com/video/58264/vagus-nerve-stimulation-as-an-adjunctive-neurostimulation-tool
Source: Implanted Vagus Nerve Stimulator https://www.jove.com/video/58264/vagus-nerve-stimulation-as-an-adjunctive-neurostimulation-tool