Disorders of the Immune SystemDisorders of the Immune System Complications arise when the immune system does not function properly. Some issues are less pervasive, such as pollen allergy, while others are extensive, such as genetic disorders that wipe out the presence or function of an entire set of immune cells. Immune Deficiencies
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Immunology and Immune System Disorder 1. Introduction to the Human Immune System
Vaccine
suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity
Herd immunity
immunity in most of a population
How does vaccination work
provokes a primary immune response which produces a rapid secondary response
Attenuated vaccine
vaccine composed of a weakened form of the pathogen that is generally unable to cause disease, closely mimic the actual infection, long term immunity - no boosters needed. Example of attenuated vaccine: MMR - mumps, measles & rubella
Inactivated vaccines
dead organisms injected into patient to build immunity, need boosters. Example of inactivated vaccine: rabies, influenza
Toxoid vaccines
chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity. Example of toxoid vaccine: tetanus and diphtheria
Subunit vaccines
use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response
suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that induce immunity
Herd immunity
immunity in most of a population
How does vaccination work
provokes a primary immune response which produces a rapid secondary response
Attenuated vaccine
vaccine composed of a weakened form of the pathogen that is generally unable to cause disease, closely mimic the actual infection, long term immunity - no boosters needed. Example of attenuated vaccine: MMR - mumps, measles & rubella
Inactivated vaccines
dead organisms injected into patient to build immunity, need boosters. Example of inactivated vaccine: rabies, influenza
Toxoid vaccines
chemically or thermally modified toxins used to stimulate active immunity. Example of toxoid vaccine: tetanus and diphtheria
Subunit vaccines
use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response
Immunological Disorders Immunologic Disorders - YouTube
Neutrophils: Fight bacterial infection
Eosinophils: combat parasitic infection
Basophils:
- initiate massive inflammatory response that quickly brings other WBC to the site of infection
- works in conjunction with IgE
How does IgE effect basophils?
IgE triggers basophils to release histamine from cell vesicles located in basophils
Histamine: potent vasodilator that increases blood circulation to the site, brings other WBC to the site of infection
Mast Cells: like basophils, stores histamine in vesicles, located in tissue
Memory B cells
can be reactivated quickly to produce plasma cells and antibodies if exposed to the same antigen in the future
Ig
immunoglobulin (antigen binding protein)
IgE
triggers basophils to release histamine
IgG
secreted during secondary immune response and specific to particular antigen
Eosinophils: combat parasitic infection
Basophils:
- initiate massive inflammatory response that quickly brings other WBC to the site of infection
- works in conjunction with IgE
How does IgE effect basophils?
IgE triggers basophils to release histamine from cell vesicles located in basophils
Histamine: potent vasodilator that increases blood circulation to the site, brings other WBC to the site of infection
Mast Cells: like basophils, stores histamine in vesicles, located in tissue
Memory B cells
can be reactivated quickly to produce plasma cells and antibodies if exposed to the same antigen in the future
Ig
immunoglobulin (antigen binding protein)
IgE
triggers basophils to release histamine
IgG
secreted during secondary immune response and specific to particular antigen
Immunological System Disorders
What is scleroderma?
A group of autoimmune, chronic diseases that causes the thickening and tightening of the skin What are the two basic types of the disease? - Limited - Systemic What is limited scleroderma? - Skin involvement - Linear scleroderma (bands of thicker skin) What is systemic scleroderma? - Systemic sclerosis of internal organs - CREST Syndrome - General morphea What is CREST syndrome? - Calcinosis (calcium in the skin) - Raynaud's phenomenon - Esophageal dysfunction - Sclerodactyly of fingers and toes - Telangiectasia (red spots covering the hands, feet, forearms, face and hips) What is Raynaud's phenomenon? - Chronic connective tissue disease that causes inflammation, fibroids, and sclerosis of the skin and vital organs - Pain and color changes of the extremities when exposed to the cold - Arterial peripheral vascular disease What is morphea? Tight skin associated with scleroderma Antisclerodermic A Antiscleromyxoedemic A Antisclerotic |
What is cancer?
Disease of the body's cells in which abnormal cells multiply rapidly What are risk factors for cancer? - Genetics (some tumors seem to have a hereditary risk) - Environment (cluster patterns related to chemical pollutant) - Habit/lifestyle (smoking, alcohol consumption, high-fat diets, obesity) What are the three most common cancers? - Breast (1st) - Lung/bronchus - Prostate (3rd) Anticancer A Anticancer (Bladder) A Anticancer (Breast) A Anticancer (Cervix) A Anticancer (Colon) A Anticancer (Duodenum) A Anticancer (Esophagus) A Anticancer (Esophagus)? A Anticancer (Forestomach) A Anticancer (Gastric) A Anticancer (Kidney) A Anticancer (Liver) A Anticancer (Lung) A Anticancer (Mammary) A Anticancer (Mouth) A Anticancer (Oral) A Anticancer (Pancreas) Anticancer (Pharynx) A Anticancer (Prostate) A Anticancer (Skin) A Anticancer (Stomach) Stage 1 Tumor present, no spread of disease to lymph nodes or metastatic lesion Stage 2 Localized spread, spread is limited and usually responds well to treatment Stage 3 Extensive evidence of a primary tumor that has spread to other organs in body Stage 4 Inoperable primary lesion Chemotherapy fatigue, risk of excessive bleeding, neuropathy resulting in difficulty feeding, loss of protective sensation Radiation new skin care regimens that do not alter the pH of the skin to either intensify or lessen impact of radiation dose Rehabilitation: Preoperative functional assessments and preparation of the client for postoperative phase and care client and caregiver education concerning recovery Rehabilitation: Postoperative medical status and blood value guidelines (platelets, hemoglobin), precautions related to tumor incision/removal Convalescence rehab of motor, sensory, cognitive, and/or neurobehavioral impairments psychological support to enhance coping ability during recovery development of health-supporting behaviors with follow-up Palliative care prevent/relieve suffering for persons with life-threatening illness through treatment of pain address physical, psychosocial, and spiritual needs enhance quality of life through engagement |
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